Outline of education

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to education:

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, habits, and personal development.^[1]

Participants in education

Student – person enrolled in a school or other educational institution, or more generally, a person who takes a special interest in a subject.
Parent (via parenting) – students' parents typically play a large role in teaching their children and overseeing their formal education, often including financing it.
Teacher – person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
- Teacher's assistant – individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities.
- Tutor – person who provides personalized assistance or tutelage to one or more people on certain subject areas or skills
- Head teacher (Principal) – staff member of a school with the greatest responsibility[1] for the management of the school.
- Professor – academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries, usually denoting an expert in his/her field and a teacher of the highest rank
  - Associate professor – academic rank between assistant professor and a full professorship (North America)
  - Assistant professor – academic rank just below the rank of an associate professor used in universities or colleges, mainly in the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea.
  - Adjunct professor – bona-fide part-time non-tenure faculty member in an adjunct position at an institution of higher education.
  - Lecturer – academic rank in the commonwealth system, denoting a teaching position higher than that of the entry-level associate lecturer.
Catechist
School counselor
School psychologist
Principal (academia)
Rector
Dean
Chancellor

Education by Country

History of education

Educational philosophies

Idealism
Realism
Theism
Pragmatism
Existentialism
Critical theory
Perennialism
Classicism
Essentialism
Critical pedagogy
Waldorf education
- Democratic education
Progressivism
Unschooling
- Criticism of schooling
Contemplative education
Humanistic education
Critical thinking
Constructivism
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Popular education
Montessori education
Compulsory education
Traditional education – long-established customs that society has traditionally used in schools, where students obediently receive and believe knowledge communicated by teachers.

Educational theory and practice

Curriculum studies – field where researchers and educators examine how educational experiences are designed and organized to support meaningful learning
Educational research – systematic collection and analysis of evidence and data related to various aspects of education including student learning, interaction, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics.
Instructional theory – study of how to design learning environments, methods, and materials in ways that facilitate learning
Learning theory – describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning.

Pedogagical and instructional approaches

Teaching methods

Teaching method – set of principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning.

Collaborative learning – situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together.
Context-based learning – use of real-life and fictitious examples in teaching environments in order to learn through the actual, practical experience with a subject
Design-based learning – inquiry-based form of learning, or pedagogy, that is based on integration of design thinking and the design process into the classroom at the K-12 and post-secondary levels.
Direct instruction – explicit teaching of a skill set using lectures or demonstrations of the material to students
Evidence-based education – principle that education practices should be based on the best available scientific evidence, with randomised trials as the gold standard of evidence, rather than tradition, personal judgement, or other influences
Experiential education – philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and student that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and content
Experiential learning – process of learning through experience, and is more narrowly defined as "learning through reflection on doing"
Homework set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed at home.
Inquiry-based learning – form of active learning that starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios.
Kinesthetic learning – learning that involves physical activity, prefering whole-body movement to process new and difficult information
Learning by teaching – method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and prepare lessons to teach it to the other students.
Online learning community – public or private destination on the Internet that addresses its members' learning needs by facilitating peer-to-peer learning
Open learning – activities that either enhance learning opportunities within formal education systems or broaden learning opportunities beyond formal education systems
Open classroom – student-centered learning space design format, where large group of students of varying skill levels would be in a single, large classroom with several teachers overseeing them.
Outcome-based education – educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes)
Outdoor education – organized learning that takes place in the outdoors, such as during school camping trips
Personalized learning – efforts to tailor education to meet the different needs of students.
Problem-based learning – teaching method in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material
Problem-posing education – method of teaching that emphasizes critical thinking for the purpose of liberation, coined by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire
Project-based learning – teaching method that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which it is believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems
Service-learning – educational approach that uses community service to meet both classroom learning objectives and societal needs
Slow education – adaptive and non-standards based approaches to teaching
Single-sex education – practice of conducting education with male and female students attending separate classes, buildings or schools
Student-centred learning – methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student, aiming to develop learner autonomy and independence
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom's Taxonomy) – framework for categorizing educational goals, developed by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom in 1956

Educational materials, tools and technologies

Curriculum
Educational technology (the use of electronic educational technology is also called e-learning)
Instructional materials
- Lesson plan
- Textbook

Types of educational goals and outcomes

There are many types of potential educational aims and objectives, irrespective of the specific subject being learned. Some can cross multiple school disciplines.

Outline of educational aims

Educational assessment, qualification and certification (for students)

Educational assessment
- Educational measurement
- Psychometrics
Types of test
Test by purpose
Formative assessment
Diagnostic assessment

Assessment as learning

Summative assessment
High-stakes testing

Accountability assessment

Research
Standardized test
Assessment by way of comparison
Assessment by mode
- Paper-based
- Oral
- Electronic
- Performance
- Continuous observation
Assessment by format
- Essay
- Multiple choice
- Quiz
- Portfolio
- Practical considerations
Grading in education
- Grading systems by country
List of primary and secondary school tests
School leaving qualification
- List of secondary school leaving qualifications
- List of admission tests to colleges and universities

Educational qualifications (for teachers)

Teaching credential

Branches of education

Education by level or stage

Educational stage – subdivisions of formal learning

Early childhood education – teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight, traditionally equivalent of third grade.
- Preschool – an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.
Primary education – first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/kindergarten, often three to six years long
Secondary education – stage of formal education that follows primary education, preparing students for higher education or the workforce
Higher education – stage of formal education following the completion of secondary education provided in universities, colleges, and vocational schools.
- Vocational education – education that prepares people for a skilled craft in order to be gainfully employed or self-employed
- Tertiary education – a near-synonymous term for higher education used in educational research
Academy – specialized institution of tertiary education
Adult education – practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained educating activities in order to gain new knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values

Education by funding and governance

Education by subject, specialization or department

Educational scholars and researchers

Educational research

Educational research
List of education journals
Disciplinary approaches to educational research. Whereas much educational research is interdisciplinary and can focus on any topic on this page, some disciplines have long roots.

In addition, research methods are drawn from many social research and psychological fields.

Educational organizations

Types of educational institutions

School – an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education (commonly compulsory), in which students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. Non-compulsory higher education follows, and is taught in institutions called a college or university.

Specific schools

Associations

Governmental organisations and agencies

Libraries

Library – collection, or institution that provides a collection, of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. Among its purposes is to support the ongoing education of its members.

Types of libraries

Specific libraries

List of libraries
- List of national libraries

Museums

Museum – an institution, the purpose of which is collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public.

Types of museums

References

^ UNESCO SDG Resources for Educators - Quality Education, retrieved 21-01-2022

External links

international review of curriculum and assessment framework a very useful website that provides comparative information about the education system of many countries.
World Bank Education
UNESCO - International Institute for Educational Planning
UNESCO IBE Database: Information on almost every education system in the world
The Encyclopedia of Informal Education

[1] UNESCO SDG Resources for Educators - Quality Education, retrieved 21-01-2022

[1]

v t e Philosophy of education
Philosophers	Dewey Freire Fröbel Herbart Humboldt Locke Montessori Pestalozzi Piaget Rousseau Steiner Vygotsky more...
Concepts	Active learning Student-centred learning
What to teach	Classicism Contemplative education Critical pedagogy Critical theory Critical thinking Democratic education Educational essentialism Educational existentialism Educational perennialism Idealism Popular education Pragmatism Progressive education Realism Social reconstructionism Theism
How and whom to teach	Behaviorism Cognitivism Compulsory education Constructivism Criticism of schooling Humanism Montessori education Unschooling Waldorf education
Related	Cognitive science Psychology
Category Discussion